A must read, and I hope Brian will not take offense with reposting his insight in its entirety.
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The concept of perception versus reality is an extremely important distinction in the current economic cycle and circumstances of the moment. And remember, it’s not that potential misperceptions being priced into financial assets at any point in time are somehow bad, but rather THE issue of importance is making sure we are in touch with factual reality at all points in time so that we hope to make a judgment about whether what markets are discounting is correct or otherwise. Trying to make an informed judgment about this distinction is an exercise literally crucial to ongoing investment decision-making and risk management. You already know financial markets are not moved by reality 100% of the time. Far from it. Human greed, emotion, fear, distress, etc. all get to take turns driving the financial market pricing bus. We all just hope to be smart enough to know when a reckless driver has the wheel.
The equity market has certainly caught the attention of the investment community as of late. Time to take a much needed and very important detour in this discussion. Right to the point, let’s review the character of the credit market. Certainly a general sense of optimism has risen as the equity market has levitated as of late. And that sense of optimism engenders the thinking that the economy and general financial market conditions MUST be getting better because rising equities are simply foreshadowing such an outcome. In other words, history has taught us that equities lead and so if equities are rising, the implication is better days lie ahead. But in the current cycle, we all know that credit market issues have been the locus of distress and the exact cause for a dramatic loss of wealth in financial assets really globally. So although it’s certainly fun to watch the equity markets romp higher, it’s the credit markets that deserve a really big piece of our attention. Better days lie ahead as a generic comment when both the equity and credit markets are healing in simultaneous fashion.
Before jumping into some data and historical relationships one more quick comment. A very cursory and superficial glance at a number of key credit market relationships could indeed lead one to believe that the healing process for the credit markets has also begun. But as we look at the facts underlying a number of headline credit market indicators a different picture emerges entirely. A much different picture. The bottom line is that the Fed has all of its fingers stuck in the holes of the macro credit market dike. At least up to now, this multiple fingers in the dike approach by the Fed and friends to dealing with very meaningful credit market issues can indeed create the superficial perception that the initial rumblings of healing are upon us. But a number of these “managed” credit market indicators have created a misperception about the supposed recovery of the credit markets in the broader and more important sense. Although I’ll walk through the data piece by piece, the credit markets are far from healthy and not recovering as per the perceptions embedded in the current run in equities. If there is to be an Achilles Heel in the equity rally of the moment, it’s the reality of the US credit markets. Let’s get right to it.
First necessary stop to lay the groundwork is a review of the highlights of the Fed current balance sheet as of the middle of April.
As you can see, the table is a comparison of the Fed balance sheet as of April 15 of this year with April 15th a year ago. What is in between are the credit market blowups that really began last summer and have caused the Fed/Treasury/Administration to take actions most would have considered incomprehensible only a short time ago. First, the Reserve Bank Credit number is an approximation of the total size of the Fed balance sheet. Yes, it has more than doubled in the last year and will certainly have tripled probably somewhere in the months directly ahead, with more to come in terms of expansion. A year back, three quarters of the Fed balance sheet largely consisted of US Treasury holdings (63%) and repurchase agreements (12%). Today, Treasuries don’t even account for 25% of the Fed balance sheet and repo’s are but a memory. You can easily see in the table what is now held by the Fed, and to the point it’s largely broader US credit market instruments. Let’s start from the top and walk through balance sheet items.
First, the Fed has been buying agency securities, most heavily since Fannie and Freddie became wards of the US taxpayer last summer. And without question Fed action has been a necessary function to in part offset the sales of Federal agency bonds by the foreign community, of which there have been plenty of sales over the last half-year.
For now this is a very small portion of the total Fed balane sheet. In all honesty, the Fed impact on the credit market character of Agency paper has not been as strong as the now surely implicit guarantee of Fan and Fred debt by the US government. Nominal yields on agency paper have dropped like a rock over the last year. This only could have taken place if investors truly believed the US government would back up any and all Agency debt (which they most surely will). The Fed balance sheet has also helped in this neck of the credit market woods make conditions “appear” as if they are improving with spreads between Agency and Government debt contracting meaningfully over the last year. So between the Fed and the now more than implied Government guarantee of Agency debt, this area of the credit market looks to be healing. Of course without the Government and Fed intervention, it would be a catastrophic disaster, probably the locus of massive default. On to more direct Fed perceptual aids.
Next up on the Fed balance sheet hit parade are mortgage-backed securities. You know that Fed has announced they would buy $750 billion of MBS using printed money as per their March FOMC meeting communiqué. As of April 15th, they are now the proud owners of close to half that amount with $356 billion of MBS paper held. You already know that the Fed’s stated intent in this action is to get US conventional mortgage rates down (close the yield spread between mortgages and Treasuries), and that they have done. They’ve suggested that the magic target is a mortgage rate near 4% on conventional loans and we’re not quite there yet. Expect them to continue buying up MBS paper.
But the point is that what the Fed is doing is essentially offsetting the contraction in MBS security issuance in the public asset backed markets. The following chart is clear on the history of home mortgages within the asset-backed complex. It has imploded, so in has stepped the Fed to put one big finger in one of the largest credit market holes in the dike.
Let’s face it, if these markets were actually healing, the asset-backed markets would not be contracting, but that’s not the case at all. The asset-backed market for residential mortgages is broken. Perceptually the Fed has simply offset this contraction and is providing mortgage rates that would not exist if not for heavy Fed involvement. So, are the signals being sent by the MBS market embodied in lower yields indicative of healing credit markets, or a Fed that cannot remove its fingers from the dike lest the dike burst? Of course this also points to the question as to when and if Fed involvement here can abate (how does not any time soon sound?).
As a very quick tangent, please be aware that the dynamics playing out in the residential mortgage markets are very similar to what is now beginning in the commercial real estate markets. Here’s my bet, before the current cycle is over the Fed will without question use their balance sheet to help offset exactly what you see below. It’s either that or the banks are about to take some serious losses right between the eyes. And we already know from Fed/Treasury/Administration actions as of late that the banks and investment banks are considered sacrosanct and will be “saved” at all costs, regardless of the holes blown in the US government balance sheet.
Included is a quick peek at recent Markit.com BBB rated commercial mortgage backed securities spreads since last October. Healing? C’mon, this part of the credit market is gasping for breath.
Okay, next at bat on the current Fed balance sheet is term auction credit. What was the term auction credit facility really set up for? In the direct words of the Fed themselves, the TAF “could help ensure that liquidity provisions can be disseminated efficiently even when the unsecured interbank markets are under stress”. What is the headline representation of the “unsecured interbank markets”? Easy – LIBOR (the London interbank offer rate). Point blank, the TAF was in very good part set up to talk LIBOR down, if you will. And this is exactly what has happened as is clear in the chart below. Gone is the “distress” seen in LIBOR during the October period of last year, long gone. And as you already know, LIBOR is one of the key headline "symbols" of global credit market conditions. Good to know all is well, right?
Maybe more than any other headline credit market indicator of the moment Fed actions have distorted what used to be the prior “risk based” message of LIBOR. And that cuts right to the conceptual heart of government intervention. Just how the heck can the private sector assess risk and allocate capital correctly and efficiently when the Fed/Treasury/Administration is acting to help “misprice” assets and risk measures? There will be no true recovery in the economy and capital markets until risk is being priced appropriately and all risks are known (the issue of transparency). Make no mistake about it; the decline in LIBOR is not a result of credit market healing and the lessening of risk perceptions. It’s a result of the Fed TAF. And so once again, how do they step away from this intervention?
Onward to the wonderful world of commercial paper. In the table above we see that one-year ago, the Fed owned zero commercial paper. Moreover, as of the late summer of last year, the Fed owned zero commercial paper. In response to the post-Lehman blow up that rippled through money markets and the commercial paper market, the Fed hastily set up its commercial paper funding facility and has so far purchased close to $240 billion in said paper. At the height of activity, the Fed owned close to $360 billion in CP, but has been able to lessen the load just a bit since the peak. But the key is that Fed CP exposure has held steady near $240 billion all year in 2009 – the sign of a market that is not healing on its own. And this is especially important in light of the fact that the commercial paper markets have actually been contracting in total since 2009 began. Meaning? The Fed holds a larger portion of the total CP market today than was the case at the turn of the year.
The following chart comes to us directly from our wonderful friends at the Fed. Looking at the Fed balance sheet, they now own close to 15% of total US commercial paper outstanding. You can see that commercial paper outstanding in all categories continues to contract. This is not a picture of a recovering or vibrant credit market. Not by a long shot.
The message is clear. Commercial paper markets are not healing. Not only is total volume down as is seen in the chart above, so is new issuance this year. And at the same time, the percentage of total CP market paper held by the Fed has been growing in 2009. One more time, without the Fed finger in the CP dike, just what would this market look like? (Answer: You probably do not want to know.)
Clean up batter in this wonderful little US credit market review is corporate paper. The most simple has been saved for last. In the following two charts we are looking at very simple corporate credit spreads using the Moody’s Aaa and Baa yields set against the 10-year US Treasury yield and running the numbers back four decades. The charts tell their own visual story quite elegantly. Lower quality Baa corporate bond yield spreads as of March month end rest very near a four decade high. Same deal goes for better quality Aaa corporate bond spreads.
Without question this very big corner of the US credit market space is not only not healing, it has been exhibiting heightened stress this year. And what is the big differentiating factor between US corporate credit markets and US credit market character as exemplified by LIBOR, commercial paper, mortgage backed securities and government agency paper? Easy and very important – the Fed is not involved!!! At least not yet. Get the picture? Of course you do.
In summary you understand what is happening here. The BIG bottom line message is that the Fed is creating the impression or perception of healing in pockets of the US credit market. For those not willing to or literally unable to understand what is happening behind the scenes, many a headline credit market perception is actually a misperception when a light is actually shown on the facts of these various market segments. Where the Fed is involved, the perception of healing or stabilization can be created. Where they are not involved (corporate markets), continued stress is still plainly visible. In the endgame, credit market investors are smart. They are less emotional than equity investors. We believe many know exactly what is going on and the true character of supposed healing that has taken place with the Fed sticking all of its fingers in the US credit market dike that has cracked and has certainly not been repaired.
Alternatively, equity investors caught up in the momentum of the moment need to keep a sharp eye on exactly what is happening in the credit markets. After all, the Fed/Treasury/Administration is compelling us to do so as they constantly focus on “unfreezing” the credit markets. Absent the influence of the Fed, these markets are not yet recovering. Absent the Fed, the credit market patient is unable to get out of bed and walk on his/her own. Let’s just hope equity investors have it dead right in their happy anticipation in recent months. For if what they are discounting is correct, especially in financial sector issues, the US credit markets should very soon be involved in a Lazarus event – an immediate rising from the dead. But for now, it’s really the Fed holding up the credit markets, from which they cannot have a current exit plan by any stretch of the imagination. The credit markets ARE the issue for the current cycle. We need to keep this firmly in mind.
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