What do the most recent numbers indicate? Based on an analysis of 675 publicly-disclosing hedge funds (via 13 D/F/G filings), the HF community has dramatically toned down its bullish tone, and long holdings currently amount to $393 billion at the end of December 2008, down 36% from September, while short holdings total $309 billion, down 40% from the previous quarter. Gross exposure in the June 2007 - December 2008 period has declined from $1.5 trillion to $700 billion, with net long exposure declining from 45% to 21%, although rising from the September 2008 low of 17%.
Additionally, hedge fund stock ownership accounted for "only" 2.9% of the US equity market, a stark drop from 3.5% in September and a peak of 4.5% in June, implying the threat of ongoing hedge funds deleveraging may be subsiding.
While hedge fund turnover reached a 7 year high of 40% in Q4, a set of 16 stocks was actively bought in the quarter. 11 of the 16 stocks are in the consumer discretionary, financials and information technology industries, sectors that outperform most during an equity market recovery. Keeping in mind the stock market performance so far in Q1 2009, this may have been yet another misguided attempt to time the market bottom. Otherwise, sector exposure did not change significantly in Q4 as funds proceeded to sell the market broadly: HFs had the highest net long exposure to telecom services and materials and a net short position in financials. In summary HFs decreased their ownership in 65% of the stocks in the market.
The buying basket was determined by focusing on non-macro funds, or hedge funds that use fundamental analysis in their stock picking rationale. HFs selected were ones that have 200 or fewer stock positions, and criteria for basket participation were stocks in which hedge funds increased aggregate ownership stakes with at least 10 HF buyers and at least 2x more buyers than sellers. The 16 resulting stocks declined 26% in the quarter compared to a 32% decline in the overall market, and while exact purchase times during the 3 month period can not be certified, the buying pressure certainly led to the basket's outperformance.
The biggest caveat is that the impact of hedge fund leverage and concentration is still very dramatic, and should be carefully considered when new positions are established. While not as dramatic as the 5x price swing from the forced short-cover rally in VOW, in Q4 demonstrated specific stock underperfomance as a result of concentrated holdings and the resulting deleveraging. Not surprisingly, the strategy of concentration is not new, with many mimic funds available that merely replicate the positions of other previously "established" managers such as Buffett, Perry or Gandell. Since 2001, the strategy of buying the 20 most concentrated stocks has outperformed the market on average by 260 bps per quarter. And as is to be expected, the strategy performs poorly in time of high volatility or declining markets. In Q4, the concentrated holding basket underperformed the market by 834 bps, and since the market peak in October 2007, underperformed the market by 1,041 bps. The obvious conclusion is that selling pressure has put additional downward pressure on concentrated stocks. Another by-product of stock concentration is that it is a good proxy of hedge fund leverage. As funds were net long only 21% most recently, there may be less selling of concentrated stocks going forward, however the likelihood of accelerating redemptions due to recent de-gating at many funds, will likely compensate for core deleveraging.
Taking the basket analysis one step further, leads to the emergence of the core stock "Target List" representing the largest holdings of fundamental strategy hedge funds. The Target List consists of names that most frequently appear in the top ten holdings of hedge fund portfolios, and identifies 50 stocks whose performance will influence the long side of many fundamentally driven hedge funds. Turnover in the List was relatively low in the last quarter, with 13 new stocks entering the List, while on average 16 stocks enter the List every quarter. The Target List offers an efficient vehicle for investors seeking to "follow the smart money" based on hedge fund filings.
The basket has a large-cap bias with a median market cap of $33 billion, and consists of stocks from every sector except utilities. The Target List has outperformed the S&P 500 by 56 bps on a quarterly basis since 2001, with a 0.21 Sharpe ratio. And, as expected, the basket has demonstrated significant losses since June 2008.
Based on January hedge fund data, the reason for HF outperformance has to be sought not on the long side, but rather on the short. The $309 billion estimate of short positions is based on a 85% assumption of HF holdings in the total $364 billion of single-stock, ETF and market index short positions filled with exchanges. The table below represents estimated hedge fund long, short and net exposure by sector in $ billions.
Preliminary observations indicate that based on relative asset allocations, hedge funds were predominantly net long weighted to information technology, health care and materials, with financials being the only sector with a substantial net short exposure. Financials is also where mutual funds and hedge funds diverge the widest, as the former have a net long estimated exposure to the tune of 17.7%, a 34.4% positional discrepancy between the two investor types.
The tables below attempt to extrapolate a typical long and short hedge fund portfolio based on the most recently available holdings data.
Lastly, if readers are interested in recreating a fully representative portfolio of a typical funds, below we present the 100 largest hedge funds ranked by long equity assets, as well as demonstrating the number of securities held.
Curiously, the equity asset holdings data is substantially lower than total recent estimates of capital under management, implying that more and more hedge funds have shunned stocks in general, and are migrating to other asset classes such as treasuries, munis, cash and CDS credits, loans, structured products and others.
